暴露与非暴露喉返神经的甲状腺手术对术后喉返神经损伤影响的Meta分析

目的：比较甲状腺手术中暴露喉返神经与非暴露喉返神经对术后喉返神经损伤的影响。 方法：检索国内外数据库中有关暴露与非暴露喉返神经甲状腺手术的随机对照试验（RCT）。按纳入和排除标准筛选文献、提取资料和质量评价后,对两种手术方式的喉返神经暂时性和永久性损伤发生率行Meta分析。 结果：共纳入7个RCT,共2 074例患者,其中1 015例甲状腺手术中暴露喉返神经（暴露组）,1 059例未暴露喉返神经（非暴露组）。Meta分析结果显示,无论是喉返神经暂时性损伤发生率还是喉返神经永久性损伤发生率,暴露组均低于非暴露组（OR=0.19,95% CI=0.11~0.34;OR=0.14,95% CI=0.06~0.34）,差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。 结论：甲状腺手术中常规暴露喉返神经可有效降低术后喉返神经损伤发生率。由于文中未做其他临床指标的比较,故两种手术方式的利弊尚需更多大样本、高质量的RCT进一步验证。     

纤维镜下硬化剂注射治疗喉部血管瘤

本文报告在ＯｌｙｍｐｕｓＩＴＲ型纤维支气管镜显露喉部病变下，采用ＯｙｌｍｐｐｕｓＮＭ－３型注射针，通过纤支镜活检孔注射硬化剂治疗喉部血管瘤３例，获得良好效果。     

关于Kümmell病的研究进展

Kümmell病(Kümmell's disease, KD)是人在轻微创伤以后,以延迟的方式发生椎体缺血性坏死。KD表现为迟发性椎体压缩性骨折,最常见的病变部位为胸腰椎交界处。KD患者常有轻微创伤史,虽然术后疼痛消失,但症状经常复发并且加重,多年后出现后凸畸形。KD的确诊不仅要依靠影像学技术,也需结合患者的病史、临床症状综合分析,由创伤引起的椎管内骨折被认为是KD诊断中最重要的特征。KD患者可根据是否有神经功能缺损而采取不同的治疗方案,对于无神经功能缺损的KD患者,可采取保守治疗、经皮椎体成形术、后凸成形术等方法治疗。对于有神经缺损的KD患者,可采用前路重建、后路截骨术等方法治疗。但以上方法常常伴有骨水泥的渗漏。随着现代医学与科技的发展,临床医师为了减少骨水泥的渗漏,在经皮椎体成形术、后凸成形术、前路重建、后路截骨术的基础上对手术做出了一系列改良,有效地减少了并发症的发生,提高了患者的生活质量。     

喉癌组织中SEMA3F与NRP2的表达及临床价值

探讨喉癌组织中神经轴突导向因子(SEMA3F)、神经菌毛蛋白2（NRP2）的表达及临床意义。方法 选取2016年3月～2018年3月我院收治的82例喉癌患者为研究对象,用实时定量PCR法检测癌及癌旁组织中SEMA3F、NRP2 mRNA的表达。以癌组织中SEMA3F、NRP2 mRNA表达的平均数为界,将研究对象分别分为SEMA3F高、低表达组及NRP2高、低表达组。分析SEMA3F、NRP2的表达与临床病理特征关系。Pearson线性相关分析SEMA3F与NRP2表达的相关性。Kaplan-Meier生存分析（Log-Rank检验）癌组织不同SEMA3F、NRP2表达与喉癌患者的生存预后差异。多因素COX回归分析影响喉癌患者生存预后的危险因素。结果 与癌旁组织相比,癌组织SEMA3F mRNA表达明显降低,NRP2 mRNA表达明显升高（均P＜0.05）。喉癌组织中SEMA3F与NRP2的表达呈显著负相关（r=-0.561,P＜0.001）。SEMA3F、NRP2 mRNA的表达与肿瘤临床分期及淋巴结转移有关（均P＜0.05）。生存分析结果表明,喉癌组织中SEMA3F低表达、NRP2高表达喉癌患者3年总体生存率明显较差（均P＜0.05）。多因素COX回归分析结果喉癌组织中SEMA3F低表达、NRP2高表达、肿瘤Ⅲ～Ⅳ期及淋巴结转移是喉癌患者不良预后的危险因素。结论 喉癌中SEMA3F表达降低,NRP2表达增高,均与肿瘤分期及淋巴结转移有关,可能是喉癌预后新的标志物。     

依据气道峰压设置喉罩套囊内压的临床效果

目的观察全麻喉罩通气过程中能封闭气道的最小套囊内压(intracuff pressure,ICP)设置的效果。方法全麻下择期行妇科腹腔镜手术患者60例,年龄18~65岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为压力调控组(P组)和对照组(C组),每组30例。全麻诱导后插入4号Supreme喉罩,向套囊内注入空气,使ICP达60 cm H2O。行容量控制通气,记录气道峰压(peak pressure,Ppeak)。P组将喉罩套囊内气体抽净后,向套囊内充气至ICP达Ppeak水平,如漏气,每次增加5 cm H2O,直至无气体从口咽部漏出。气腹建立后,P组套囊充气恢复至60 cm H2O,再次记录Ppeak后重复以上操作,并以此作为封闭气道的最小ICP直至手术结束。C组ICP保持为60 cm H2O。记录气腹前和气腹后Ppeak、ICP和套囊充气容量;测定呼气相和吸气相ICP;记录吸气VT(VTi)和呼气VT(VTe),计算漏气率=[(VTi-VTe)/VTi×100%];记录术后24 h咽喉部并发症情况。结果与C组比较,P组在气腹前和气腹后呼气相和吸气相ICP均明显降低(P0.05)。气腹前和气腹后P组套囊充气容量明显低于C组(P0.05)。与气腹前比较,气腹后两组漏气率均明显升高(P0.05)。与C组比较,P组术后咽喉痛及吞咽不适的发生率明显降低(P0.05)。结论全麻喉罩通气过程中将ICP设置在Ppeak+0~5 cm H2O,可产生良好的密封效果,且可减少咽喉部并发症的发生。     

枕下乙状窦后锁孔经岩裂-桥脑裂入路的显微解剖学

[摘要]目的:通过对枕下乙状窦后锁孔经岩裂-桥脑裂入路的各段结构进行显微解剖学研究,为临床应用提供解剖学资料;方法：对15具30侧正常成人湿头颅标本进行解剖：模拟手术状态下该入路操作,将尸头侧卧位固定在头架上,乳突后横（纵）切口,开2.5cm-3cm骨窗,切开硬脑膜,测量分开岩裂-桥脑裂前后时手术野显露范围变化,以及三叉、面听、舌咽神经入脑干处暴露情况;显微镜下解剖岩裂和小脑桥脑裂上、下支;对岩裂、桥脑裂上、下支、岩静脉、小脑动脉、三叉、面听、舌咽神经入脑干处等相关研究对象进行测量、照相。结果：该入路可显露的解剖结构上至天幕前侧缘,下到枕骨大孔颈静脉结节,内侧到桥脑和中脑的侧方。可显露桥小脑角区包括岩静脉、小脑上中下三个神经血管复合体。岩裂-桥脑裂分离前后距离在统计学具有差异性。结论：该入路是对经典乙状窦后入路的补充和扩大,具有切口小、脑损伤小,充分利用小脑的自然间隙,不牵拉或少牵拉小脑的情况下增加了操作空间;该入路在微血管减压治疗颅神经疾病方面在解剖学上具有可操作性;该入路在同等条件下使后颅窝相关区域的组织结构显露更大,为桥小脑角区占位性病变的切除提供了解剖学空间。     

Delayed presentation of a large congenital laryngeal cleft in an adult

Laryngeal clefts are rare congenital malformations of the posterior laryngotracheal wall that lead to an abnormal communication between the airway and pharyngo-oesophageal tract. The condition is almost universally identified during infancy with minor laryngeal clefts very rarely diagnosed in adulthood. We present our tertiary centre’s experience of a large laryngeal cleft presenting at an advanced age, with the aim of increasing awareness of this correctible cause of respiratory distress and aspiration in adults.     

Expanded exposure and detailed anatomic analysis of the superior orbital fissure: Implications for endonasal and transorbital approaches

This study aimed to ascertain the maximal exposure of the superior orbital fissure (SOF) afforded by combining endonasal and transorbital endoscopic approaches. Six cadaveric specimens (12 sides) were dissected using endonasal and transorbital endoscopic approaches to access the SOF. The order of the approaches was alternated in each specimen (eg, starting with an endonasal approach in one side followed by a transorbital exposure and reversing the order on the contralateral side). Maximal exposure of the SOF and its contents for individual and combined approaches were explored. The endonasal corridor provided adequate access to the inferomedial 1/3 of the SOF and including the proximal segments of cranial nerves (CN) III, V₁ and VI. A transorbital approach was superior accessing the superolateral 2/3's of the SOF, including the superior ophthalmic vein, lacrimal nerve, and distal segment of the CN VI at the lateral aspect; the nasociliary nerve and divisions of CN III centrally; and the frontal nerve and CN IV at the dorsal aspect of levator palpebrae superioris. This study suggests that a combined endonasal and transorbital exposure of the SOF may be advantageous to address lesions in this challenging region.     

病理分化程度对声门上型喉癌颈清扫的影响

目的 分析不同分化程度的声门上型喉鳞状细胞癌（SLSCC）的颈淋巴结转移（LNM）规律。方法 回顾性分析2015年1月—2019年12月于重庆医科大学附属第一医院病理诊断为SLSCC的患者不同病理分化程度LNM的差异。结果 共纳入79例患者,其中低分化组20例、中分化组52例和高分化组7例;N0 38例,N1 8例,N2 28例,N3 5例;36例出现Ⅱ区LNM,21例出现Ⅲ区LNM,7例出现Ⅳ区LNM,Ⅴ区和Ⅵ区未发现LNM。结论 SLSCC患者能从双侧颈清扫术中获益,低、中分化患者能从清扫双侧Ⅱ-Ⅳ区中获益,高分化患者清扫双侧Ⅱ-Ⅲ区可能更合适。     

Expression of p27 and PTEN and clinical characteristics in early laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and their correlation with recurrence

Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma is a common malignant tumor of otolaryngeal region. At present, effective treatment of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma still depends on surgery and radiotherapy. In recent years, application of CO₂ laser resection in the treatment of stage T1 glottic carcinoma can remove the tumor completely and reduce the injury of laryngeal tissues. But recurrence still happened in some postoperative patients. Here, we selected 131 patients to compare the therapeutic effects of CO₂ laser resection and traditional split laryngeal surgery on the early laryngeal cancer, examined the expression of p27 and PTEN by immunohistochemistry in early laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma tissues in correlation to clinical outcome. After two years follow-up 14/85 (16.5%) of CO₂ laser treatment group presented with local recurrence (recurrent group), while that of split laryngeal surgery group was 6/46 (13.0%). There was no statistical significance in recurrence rate between the two groups (P > 0.05). 10 of all the 111 (9.0%) non-recurrent patients did not follow the doctor’s advice to quit smoking after the operation, while 12 in the 20 (60.0%) recurrent patients did not; the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P < 0.01). The positive rates of p27 were 80.2% (105/131) and 43.5% (57/131), and that of PTEN were 83.2% (109/131) and 48.9% (64/131) in the cancer adjacent tissues (negative surgical margin tissues) and in laryngeal carcinoma tissues, respectively (P < 0.001). The expression rates of p27 and PTEN in laryngeal carcinoma tissues of the recurrent group were 20.0% (4/20), 10.0% (2/20) and that in non recurrent group were 47.7% (53/111) and 55.9% (62/111), respectively, with a significant difference (P < 0.001). In addition, the expression of p27 and PTEN in tumor resected marginal tissues of the recurrence group was 50.0% (10/20), 40.0% (8/20) and that in non recurrence group was 85.6% (95/111) and 91.0% (101/111), respectively; the difference was also statistically significant between both groups (P < 0.001). In conclusion, there is no statistically significant difference in tumor recurrence rate between CO₂ laser surgery and traditional split laryngeal surgery. Postoperative recurrence is closely related to resume smoking. The recurrence rate of p27 and/or PTEN-negative patients was higher than that of the positive ones,that should be followed up closely after treatment.